SSLC Social Science I (English Medium) Chapter 05 Culture and Nationalism - Questions and Answers
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Chapter 05 Culture and Nationalism
Culture and Nationalism, Textual Questions and Answers & Model Questions
1. What is Nationalism?
-Nationalism is the sense of unity that exists among the people of a nation irrespective of caste, creed, region and religion.
2. What were the two types of protests in ideological and cultural spheres of India during the 19th century?
-Protest against inequality, violations of rights and social evils which existed in the Indian society.
-Protest against the economic exploitations of the colonial forces
3. What were the favourable factors that helped in the growth of Indian nationalism?
• The realization of British colonial exploitation
• Radical changes in social and cultural spheres
• Various levels of socio cultural activities and agitations
• The resultant changes in the fields of social life, press, education, literature, art, etc.
4. Point out the measures taken by the British colonial administration to strengthen their rule ?
- They learned about Indian society from the Indian works.
- They established several institutions to interfere in Indian education system, and to train their own officers
Example:Asiatic Society of Bengal under William Jones, Calcutta Madrasah under Warren Hastings and Banaras Sanskrit College under Jonathan Duncan
- They started English education to nurture a fraction of Indian society that would support Britain.
5. What was the objectives of the British by implementing English education in India?
-Lord Macaulay Introduced English education in India in 1835.
-To prepare a generation that favours English life styles.
-The British colonialists realized the fact that an in-depth understanding of the socio-cultural life of the Indians was essential to strengthen their rule.
-They learned about Indian society from the works in Sanskrit and Persian and by translating them.
-They established several institutions to study more about India, to interfere in Indian education system, and to train their own officers.
-To ensure commercial growth, the British thinkers who favoured free trade argued for strong British intervention in Indian society.
-But, it was not possible to bring about reforms without popular support.
-Hence, they started English education to nurture a fraction of Indian society that would support Britain.
6. List out the forces that brought radical changes in social and cultural spheres of India ?
- Social reform movements, news papers, education, literature, art, etc.
7. What were the main objectives of social reform movements ?
- To eradicate evils and superstitions that existed in the Indian society.
- To ensure equal civil rights to education, travel and dress code
8. What are the proposals put forward by social reformers to bring fundamental changes in the society ?
• Eradicate caste system
• Protect the rights of all
• Eliminate discrimination against women
• Provide education to all
• Promote widow remarriage
• Abolish child marriage and eliminate the supremacy of the clergy
9. List the British institutes and founders to conduct studies on Indian culture.
• Calcutta Madrasah - Warren Hastings
• Asiatic Society of Bengal - William Jones
• Banaras Sanskrit College - Jonathan Duncan
10. Did the British rule lead to the growth of Indian nationalism? Evaluate.
Or
How did progress in education contribute to the growth of Indian nationalism?
-The British implemented English education in India.
-English-educated Indians became aware of democracy, liberty, rationalism, equality, scientific temper, socialism and civil rights.
-They ventured to reform the social customs and rituals prevailed in the country, thereby to defend the invasion of English culture.
-They tried to reform Indian society, language, art and literature.
-It motivated to protest against inequalities and violation of rights and created a sense of unity among the people.
11. What are the main objectives of the social reform movement in India in the 19th century?
-To eradicate evils and superstitions that existed in the Indian society.
-To ensure equal civil rights to education, travel and dress code
12. Point out the activities of Raja Rammohun Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar and Padita Ramabai as social reformers?
Raja Rammohun Roy
-The pioneer among the social reformers who strived for the modernisation of Indian society.
-He is known as the father of Indian social reform.
-He opposed caste system and 'Sati', social evils prevailed in the Indian society
-Established the Brahma Samaj in Bengal.
-He propagated the idea of a unified Indian society in the place of a society fragmented over caste lines.
-To improve the status of women, he advocated for the right of women to own property.
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
-He argued for remarriage of widows.
-As a result, the British government passed the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act in 1856.
-He established educational institutions for women education.
Pandita Ramabai
-Saradasadan was founded in Bombay to educate the widows.
13. List out various social reform movements ,reformers and their ideologies?
• Arya Samaj - Swami Dayanand Saraswati
• Ramakrishna Mission - Swami Vivekananda
• Aligarh Movement - Sir Syed Ahmadkhan
• Prarthana Samaj - Atmaram Pandurang
• Theosophical Society - Annie Basant
• Hitakarini Samaj - Viresalingam
• Satya Shodak Samaj - Jyothiba Phule
• Self respect movement - E.V Ramaswami Naicker
• Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam - Sree Narayana Guru
14. What were the customs abolished by the British as a result of the activities of the social reformers and movements?
-Prevented child marriage and polygamy
-Prevented marriage of girls below 12 years of age
-Banned female infanticide-Abolished sati
-Permitted widow remarriage
-Abolished slavery
15. Explain the role of the Newspapers in educating the Indian people about the British exploitation and the denial of rights.
-Disseminated information on massacres, oppression and repressive rule in various parts of the country
-Popularized reformative movements against social evils and superstitions
-Motivated the people to protest against the British rule and evils in Indian society
-Kept abreast of the global agitations for freedom, democracy and equality
-Create public awareness on economic exploitation by the British.
-Reported the calamities like plague and famines that killed thousands of Indians in various regions
16. Which are the newspapers introduced by Raja Rammohan Roy focused on social reformation, democracy and Nationalism.
Raja Rammohan Roy was the first to start newspaper with a national perspective.
Newspaper Language
Sambad Kaumudi - Bengali
Mirat-ul-Akbar - Persian
17. Which law was enacted by the British to regulate newspapers in India?
-The Vernacular Press Act enacted by Lord Lytton in 1878.
-It curbed freedom of press in regional languages.
-The British withdrew the Act after a massive protest.
-During those days, protection, circulation and reading newspapers were considered to be a part of freedom struggle.
18. Explain the role of education in British India
-To bring about changes in society.
-To maintain unity.
-To maintain equality.
19. Point out role of education in shaping nationalistic spirit ?
- Many national educational institutions were established
- They imparted secular education to all
- Vocational education imparted through 'Wardha Plan'
- Education created a national perspective among the Indians
20. Educational Institutions, Founders and Goals of India during the National Struggle?
i. Deccan Education Society(Pune)
-Established by:- G.G.Agarkar, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Mahadev Govinda Ranade.
-One of the first educational institution established with a nationalistic perspective.
-Aim:- The socio-economic and cultural progress of the Indians.
ii. First Indian Women University in Maharashtra
-Established by-D.K. Karve.
-Aim:- women empowerment.
iii.Visva Bharati university(Bengal)
-Founder- Rabindranath Tagore.
-Focused on universal brotherhood.
-With this university, Tagore aimed at a system of education that would bridge western and eastern cultures.
iv. Jamia Millia Islamia (Aligarh)
Founders:
-Maulana Mohamed Ali,
-Shoukath Ali,
-Dr. Zakir Husain and
-M.A. Ansari
Objective:
-To strengthen national movement through secular education.
v. Kerala Kalamandalam (Thrissur)
-Founded by Mahakavi Vallathol Narayana Menon
Aim:
-Defend the western cultural and educational invasion and promote traditional art.
vi. Wardha Education Plan(1937)
Founder-Mahatma Gandhi
Aim
-Its major objective was to provide vocational education.
-He thought that vocational training during education would help build up a good future.
-Gandhiji believed that such a generation could defend the British.
21. What were the major objectives of educational institutions founded in various parts of India during national movement.
-Promotion of nationalism,
-Opposition to social evils,
-Rejection of western education.
22. Explain the role of literature in emergence of Indian nationalism ?
- Writers motivated the people through poetry,novel,drama etc.
- This developed among the people a sense of patriotism and dissent towards the foreign dominance.
- It bridged a gap between the upper class literature and the illiterate mass
23. Who contributed the concept of 'BHARAT MATA” ?
- Sisir kumar Gosh and Satyendranath Tagore
24. Analyse the role of the following
(a) Bankim Chandra Chatterji - Anandamath
(b) Dinabhandu Mitra – Nil Darpan
(c) Allama Muhammed Iqbal
- Bankim Chandra Chatterji - Anandamath: Bankim Chandra Chatterji, famous Bengali writer wrote the novel Anandamath, based on the Sanyasi Revolt of Bengali peasants. He illustrates the agonies of Bengali farmers and disparity between rich and poor in the society.The song “bandematharam” is taken from this novel
- Dinabhandu Mitra – Nil Darpan: Nil Darpan, a play written by Dinabandhu Mitra, depicted the severe exploitation suffered by the indigo farmers in Bengal. Surendranath Banerji , campaigned for the welfare of the Bengali farmers taking cue from the issues depicted in Nil Darpan. This play trigged farmer's unrest in various parts of the country.
- Allama Muhammed Iqbal: This Urdu poet penned the famous patriotic song “sare jahan se achaa” praised the beauty of India's nature and unity of it's people.
25. Analyse the contributions of artists to Indian nationalism ?
ABANINDRANATH TAGORE: His paintings like Bharat Mata helped to inculcate patriotism. He tried to free Indian paintings from western style and to promote oriental painting based on Indian culture and tradition. He started Indian Society of Oriental Arts in Calcutta.
Raja Ravi Varma: He visualised various scenes from Indian epics and literature.
NANDA LAL BOSE: His famous paintings are sati and village drummer. SATI visualized the dilemma of a women who was forced to commit sati. VILLAGE DRUMMER was exhibited in the Haripura session of the Indian National Congrss in 1938 and adopted as the picture of the poster of the Congress.
AMRITA SHER GIL: famous women artist painted the sufferings of Indian villagers in dark shades. Her paintings motivated the people to think about a united India
26. The theme of literature written during the national struggle.
-Protest against the social evils of the Indian society.
-Protest against the economic exploitation of the British.
-The agonies and atrocities faced by the people in various parts of India.
-The readers in other parts experienced these sorrows as theirs.
-They ventured to fight them collectively.
27. Books, authors and themes written in India during the Indian national struggle.
* Anandamath - Novel
-Author – Bankim Chandra
- Theme
-Agonies of Bengali farmers and disparity between rich and poor in the Bengali society.
-Based on the Sanyasi Revolt of Bengali peasants.
-The song 'Bandemataram' is taken from this novel.
* Nil Darpan - Drama
-Author – Dinabandhu Mitra
- Theme -Severe exploitation suffered by the indigo farmers in Bengal.
* Sare Jahan Se Accha, Hindustan Hamara' - Urdu poem
-Poet – Allama Muhammad Iqbal
-Theme -In this poem he praised the beauty of India's nature and unity of its people.
-Creative expressions of Indian writers helped to inculcate the concept of a unified India among the public.
Varika varika sahajare - Amshi Narayana Pillai.
- Malayalam
28. Explain the role that painters played in the emergence of Indian nationalism.
-Indian painting was liberated from Western influence.
-It promoted oriental painting that was firmly entrenched in Indian culture and tradition.
-National symbols that helped to nurture nationalism in Indian minds.
-The paintings touched Indian hearts and stimulated protest against the social evils.
-Highlighted the plight of life in Indian villages.
-They played a crucial role in developing nationalist spirit among Indians.
29. List of paintings, theme and painters painted during the Indian independence movement.
*Bharat Mata - Painted by Abanindranath Tagore.
-Theme -It depicts Bharat Mata giving food, cloth and knowledge to Indian masses.
-Abanindranath Tagore tried to free Indian painting from western style and to promote oriental painting based
on Indian culture and tradition.
-He started Indian Society of Oriental Arts in Calcutta.
*Scene from Sakuntahalam of Kalidasa
-Painter - Raja Ravi Varma.
-Following the western style, Raja Ravi Varma from Kerala visualized various scenes from Indian epics and
literature.
* 'Sati', 'Village Drummer'
-Painter – Nandalal Bose
-Theme - Evil social customs and historical events,
*Village life
-Amrita Sher-Gil, a famous woman artist of India, painted the sufferings of Indian villagers in dark shades
ably reflecting their predicaments.
-Her paintings also motivated people to think about a unified India.
30. National symbols that helped to promote national unity among the Indian people
National flag
-The present tricolour flag of India was officially adopted in 1947.
-The tricolour flag was first designed during the time of the Swadeshi movement.
-The earlier version of the flag contained eight lotuses representing eight provinces in British India and a crescent representing Hindu-Muslim fraternity.
-The team led by Gandhiji designed the national flag with Charkha, a domestic cotton spinning wheel used in Indian villages.
National emblem
-National emblem adopted from the lion capital of Asoka at Saranath. Charkha
-Charkha resembled the self dependence of Indians and their defiance to colonial rule.
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