NCERT Notes Class 10 Social Science Economics Chapter 1 Development
Chapter 01: Development - Study Notes, Questions and Answers / NCERT CBSE TextBooks Solutions Class 10 Economics Chapter 01 Development
* Introduction:
The idea of development is always present in our minds. We have our own desire for what we like to do and how we want to live. Developmental goals or desires of a particular idea may vary from person to person. Besides our personal development, we must also think about the country's development. Development can be defined as the people's economic growth, along with the growth of their basic needs such as education, health, lifestyle, and more. The main purpose of development or progress is to find different ways to achieve what you have thought.
Sometimes development for one person may not be developed for another person. It may also cause destruction for the other. For example, to generate more electricity, a dam is constructed over a river where nearby landmass is considered for construction resulting in the development of society and country, but it causes destruction for farmers and lives of people living nearby.
* INCOME AND OTHER GOALS
Money is the basic need of people and to fulfil their daily requirements making money or income is very important. So they want regular wages, good income and the best price for the goods or products that they sell.
Through money, one can buy materialistic things, but at the same time, non-materialistic things such as freedom, respect, security, and treatment are also
important to maintain a quality lifestyle. So developmental goals are required to get a better income and get other important things in life.
* NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
National development is defined as a country's ability to enhance the living standards of its residents. As people have different goals in their lives, their belief for national development should also be different. We must keep in mind that different people must have different and conflicting ideas for the development of the country. So, National development is nothing but an improvement in citizens' living standards, providing basic amenities to the
residents like food, education, social services, medical care, etc., and an increase in per-capita income.
* HOW CAN YOU DIFFERENTIATE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OR STATES?
● Income is an important feature to compare countries or states.
● Countries with higher income are considered as developed countries and vice versa.
● The income of the country is all about the income of the citizens of that country.
● Total income is not the only factor for comparing different countries.
● National income: National income is the sum of the total value of the country's goods and services produced in a year. It cannot be considered to compare between different countries as each country has a different population rate.
● Per capita income: it is also known as average income, which is defined as the country's total earnings divided by the whole population. It shows the living standards of the residents of the country.
● The average income of the country = (overall income of country) / (overall population of the country).
* INCOME AND OTHER CRITERIA
● To achieve a specific goal, people want to earn more and want respect from others, the security of their lives, and freedom.
● If Per capita income is considered for the country's development, Goa is considered the most developed and Bihar is considered the least developed state.
● Net attendance ratio: It is defined as the total number of children from the age group of 14 years attending the schools from the total percentage of children in the same age group.
● Literacy rate: It is defined as the total number of people above 7 years who can write, read, and understand. A state is considered to be developed if the literacy rate will be high. In India, Kerala has the highest literacy rate of 96.2 %, and Andhra Pradesh has the lowest literacy rate of 66.4%.
● Infant mortality rate: It is defined as the total number of children that die within one year of age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year. It shows the efficiency of health facilities in a country. In India, Kerala has the lowest infant mortality rate, which is deaths per 1000 live births, and Madhya Pradesh has the highest infant mortality rate of 48 per 1000 live births.
* HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
This index is prepared by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), where the annual report of human development is published each year. The major parameters include per capita income, literacy rate, and durability of a person's life, which measure the countries' development. All the countries are ranked according to very high, high, medium and low developed countries respectively. Besides infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio; the BMI index also plays an important parameter.
* Body mass index (BMI) is measured to find out if the adults are undernourished by calculating the weight of the person (kg) divided by the square of the height (m2).
If the value is less than 18.5, then the person is undernourished, and if it is more than 25, then the person is highly obese.
* PUBLIC FACILITIES
● Besides the average income, public facilities also play an important role in the development of a nation.
● These are the facilities which are provided by the government to the residents like schools, hospitals, education centres, transportation, electricity, residences, community halls, etc.
● Public facilities are essential as we cannot purchase every major facility we need in our daily lives.
* SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
● The development that meets all the present generation's needs without even thinking of their need for future generations is known as sustainable development.
● In other words, it is the development of the nation without obstructing the environment.
● For sustainability development, we should use nonrenewable resources like
carbon-based fuel wisely.
* TexBookk Exercises
1. Development of a country can generally be determined by
(i) its per capita income
(ii) its average literacy level
(iii) health status of its people
(iv) all the above
Answer: (iv) all the above
2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan
Answer: (ii) Sri Lanka
3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the income of three families is Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(i) Rs 7500
(ii) Rs 3000
(iii) Rs 2000
(iv) Rs 6000
Answer: (iv) Rs 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer: Per Capita Income is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries. The limitation of this criterion are:
• It doesn’t show the distribution of income.
• It also ignores other factors such as infant mortality rate, literacy level, healthcare, etc.
5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
Answer: World bank only uses per capita income for measuring development while UNDP uses many other factors like infant mortality, healthcare facility education level which help in improving the quality of life and helps in making the citizens more productive.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development.
Answer: We use averages because they are useful for comparing differing quantities of the same category. For example, to compute the per capita income of a country, averages have to be used because there are differences in the incomes of diverse people. However, there are limitations to the use of averages. This does not show the distribution of thing between people.
For example, if a country has a very high per capita income then we can’t say that citizen living in that country are very rich because we are not knowing about the distribution of wealth in that country. Some people might be richer while other people are very poorer in that country.
7. Kerala, with a lower per capita income has a better human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
Answer: No, I do not agree with the statement that per capita income is not a useful criterion at all. Kerala, with a lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Punjab because, human development ranking is determined using a combination of factors such as health, education, and income. So, this does not imply that per capita income is not useful. Rather, per capita income is one of the development factors and can not be neglected. The
World Bank uses per capita income as the criterion for measuring development and comparing states. But this criterion has certain limitations because of which determination of Human Development Index (HDI) is done using this criterion along with some other development factors like health, education etc.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer: The present sources of energy that are used by the people of India are electricity, coal, crude oil, cow dung and solar energy. Other possibilities fifty years from now, could include ethanol, bio-diesel, nuclear energy and better utilisation of wind energy, especially with the imminent danger of oil resources running out.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer: The issue of sustainability is important for development because development must be in tandem with the future. If natural resources are not sustained, then development will stagnate after a point in time. Exploiting resources unethically will ultimately undo the development that a country may have achieved. This is because, in the future, those resources will not be
available for further progress.
10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer: “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”. This statement is relevant to the discussion of development since both resources and development go hand in hand. For the sustainability of development, the maintenance of resources is also crucial. As the statement claims, the Earth has enough resources- renewable and non-renewable to satisfy everyone’s needs; however, these need to be used with a view to keep the environment protected and clean so that a balance of production and use is maintained and shortages are avoided.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer:
Few examples of environmental degradation:
• Deforestation
• Soil erosion
• Falling levels of groundwater
• Depletion of the ozone layer and combustion from automobiles causing extreme air pollution
• Water Pollution
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
Answer:
(i) Per Capita Income in US$: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country –Myanmar
(ii) Life Expectancy at birth: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Myanmar
(iii) Literacy Rate for 15+ years population: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country –Bangladesh
(iv) Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Pakistan
(v) HDI Rank in the world: Top country – Sri Lanka; Bottom country – Nepal
13. The following table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.
(i) Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around 40 per cent of people in the country are undernourished even though it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
Answer:
(i) The nutritional level of people of Kerala is quite higher than the people – both males and females of Madhya Pradesh. Their ratio of the under-nourished is less than that of Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) There is enough food in the country, even then 40% of the people in the country are undernourished because:
• A large number of people are so poor that they cannot afford nutritious food.
• In most of the states, the Public Distribution System (PDS) does not function
properly and the poor people cannot get cheap food items.
• There is a lack of educational and health facilities in many parts of the country. So many people remain backward and poor. As such, they are unable to get nutritious food.
* Important Questions and Answers
1. Write down the features of a developed country? Name the countries having the highest and lowest per capita income in 2019 (US Dollars).
Answer: Countries whose per capita income, literacy rate, and service rate are high, those countries are known as a developed country. The per capita income of a country is the measure of its number of people's economic output. Countries with a per capita income of $128000 per annum or above is known as developed countries ex-Qatar. Countries with a per capita income of $800 or less are known as developing countries ex- the Central African Republic.
2.What is IMR and why is it important? Which state has a high and low infant mortality rate?
Answer: It is defined as the total number of children that die within one year of age as a proportion of 1000 births in a year. It shows the efficiency of health facilities in a country. Madhya Pradesh has a high infant mortality rate of 48 deaths per 1000 live births, and Nagaland has a low infant mortality rate of 4 deaths per 1000 live births.
3.What is India's per capita income in 2020? Which is the richest state of India? And which state of India makes more income?
Answer: According to world development indicators, India has $7680 per capita income. Maharashtra is the richest state in India with a nominal GDP of 28.78 lakhs crore while Sikkim has the lowest GDP of 0.287 lakh crore. In India, Goa has the highest per capita income of $6698 (Rs. 4,30,081)
4.Other than income, what are the other factors that are important for our lives?
Answer: The important factors that are important for our lives other than money are:
● Safe environment for women to do their job or conduct their business.
● People need important things like freedom, respect, treatment, and security.
● Political rights
● Pollution-free environment.
5.What do you mean by development? Write down the aspects of development.
Answer: Development is defined as the improvement of people lives in terms of income, lifestyle, etc The two major aspects of development are:
• Different persons do have different aims in life.
• Development for one can be destructive for others.
6.Why is average income an essential criterion for development?
Answer: Average income is the essential criteria as it shows the earning of a person, and it gives a clear idea about the standard of living of that person with their sharing values. If the number of people who do not work is low in number, then the average income will be low.
7.Which neighbouring country of India has better performance in terms of Human development?
Answer: Srilanka has a better performance in terms of human development than India because its per capita income is $4390, 91% literacy rates, 93 HDI rank, 74 life expectancy at birth which is much better than that of India and other neighbouring countries of India such as Myanmar, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and Bangladesh.
8. Why do we use averages and what are their limitations? Provide some examples where the word “average” is used to compare situations.
Answer: Averages are used to compare different quantities of the same category but not people. The limitations of calculating averages are it does not provide any information about the distribution of a particular thing between the people. Some of the examples where the word average is used for comparing situations are:
● height and weight of students in a class with the total number of students
● to find out the literacy rates in the country
● to find the average income of people in a state
9.“A development for one individual can be destructive for others”. Explain this statement with two examples.
Answer: “A development for one individual can be destructive for others”. Here are two examples to ease the down phrase:
• A businessman hires workers providing them more wages which is a development for workers but destructive for a businessman as he could have hired two or more workers at the same price or have cut down their wages.
• Industrialists construct apartments and buildings for his/her personal development and for the nation but these apartments are destructive for farmers as they could have used this land for irrigation.
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